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\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u092e\u0947\u0932"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u095b\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u095b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0917\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0932\u0947\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (NCF-SE 2023) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 (<strong>\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938-1<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u2018\u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947\u2019 (\u2018doing\u2019 science) \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0935 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0932, \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u092e\u094b\u0939 (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091c\u093c\u0940\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u091c\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0909\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0942\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u0926\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948 :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list list-type-alpha start-a\">\n<li>\u091f\u0949\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u095e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0939\u092e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u095b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u092e\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928, \u0939\u092e \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0939\u092e \u0959\u0941\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u092e\u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u094c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0935\u0924\u0932 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 (concave mirror) \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-7 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-11 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0959\u0941\u0926 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0958\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0925\u093e (<strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-1<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">5<\/a><\/sup> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u0926\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u095d\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926\u2013\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0935\u0948\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"528\" src=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-1.jpg\" alt=\"Connecting policy fig 1\" class=\"wp-image-1096\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-1.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-1-300x124.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-1-1024x422.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-1-768x317.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-1 : \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-7 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-11 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936) \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0924\u0932 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Credits: i wonder\u2026 Apr 2025 issue. License: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group box-1\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938-1 : \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u200d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u095e\u2013\u090f\u0938\u0908 (NCF\u2013SE 2023) \u095b\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 : \u201c<em>&#8230;\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u095c\u0924\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0924\u0940\u091c\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u095b\u093e\u091c, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094b\u091a, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947, \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u095b\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/em>\u201d<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">1<\/a><\/sup> \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u095c\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u095e\u2013\u090f\u0938\u0908 (2023) \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u095b\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 : \u201c<em>&#8230;\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925, \u0909\u092e\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u095c\u0924\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0939\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u095b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u092c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/em>\u201d<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942 \u092e\u093f\u0921\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0959\u093e\u0938\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 (NCERT) \u0915\u0947 \u095e\u094b\u0915\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (2006) \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b : \u201c<em>&#8230;\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947-\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u095b\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0935\u0928\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u095b\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e), \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u095b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u0947-\u095b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u0941 (diluted) \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0938\u093e\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f..\u0964<\/em>\u2019<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u092e\u0941\u091d\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0940\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u2013\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f\u2013\u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 (head-heart-hand framework) \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e (Bloom) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915-\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915-\u092e\u0928\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 (cognitive-affective-psychomotor skills) (\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u095c\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932, \u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u095c\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u095c\u0947 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932) \u0915\u0947 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">3<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0959\u093e\u0938\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u091c\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 6\u20138 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u095b\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091f\u0949\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0930 \u091f\u0949\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0938\u0932\u0928, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-7 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-4 (\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0935\u0923) \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">6<\/a><\/sup> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0930\u094b\u095b\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0924\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0958 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-6 \u0938\u0947 8 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u200d\u0924 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0949\u0915\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u095c\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0941\u0958\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-8 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-13 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936) \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u095b\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (<strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-2<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-2.jpg\" alt=\"Connecting policy fig 2\" class=\"wp-image-1097\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-2.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-2-360x203.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-2 : \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 8 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 (\u2018\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u2019) \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Credits: i wonder\u2026 Apr 2025 issue. License: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 2-4 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u095d\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-5 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-7 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u091c\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0925\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u092e\u094b\u0939\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901\u2019 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 8-10 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-5 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 (EVS) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-7 (\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0942\u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0948\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u091a\u0940\u095b\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0915\u094d\u200d\u093c\u0915\u093c\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0958\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u2013\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0941\u0958\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-7 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-10 (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 (<strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-3<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">9<\/a><\/sup> \u091c\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u095b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0921\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u200d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0939\u0940-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u2013\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (\u090f\u095e\u090f\u0932\u090f\u0928) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-3.jpg\" alt=\"Connecting policy fig 3\" class=\"wp-image-1099\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-3.jpg 990w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-3-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-3-768x559.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-3 : \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-7 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-10 (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935) \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Credits: i wonder\u2026 Apr 2025 issue. License: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u095b\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-8, 9 \u092f\u093e 10 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0939\u0938\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0940\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 : \u201c<em>\u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u0958 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0942\u0901\u0917\u093e&#8230; \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u200b\u200b\u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0941\u092e\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0906\u091c\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f <strong>\u0939\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong>\u0964<\/em>\u201d<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-8 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-11 (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 : \u201c<em>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u200d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u091a\u095d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u091a\u095d\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u091a\u095d\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9e%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/#reference-section\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/em>\u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 (<strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-4<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u095b\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u091a\u095d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u095b\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u095b\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u095b\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0958\u0932\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0901\u092c\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u091a\u095d\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u092a\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0928 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1076\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-4.jpg\" alt=\"Connecting policy fig 4\" class=\"wp-image-1100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-4.jpg 1076w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-4-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-4-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Connecting-policy-fig-4-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1076px) 100vw, 1076px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-4 : \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-8 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (NCERT, 2024-2025) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-11 (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935) \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u092e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Credits: i wonder\u2026 Apr 2025 issue. License: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u095b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0942\u0901\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0959\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0932\u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0959\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0958\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c \u0926\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u095e\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u0958\u0938\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0928\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e)\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u095b\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0921-\u0921\u0947-\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u0938\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 (\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928) \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e (\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0935\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0901\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0959\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u092a\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0901\u0917\u092b\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u095b\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0935\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092e) \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0901\u0917\u092b\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u093e\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0958\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0938\u0932\u0928, \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u2018\u091c\u093e\u0926\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0958\u0938\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0925\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (<strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-5<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/connecting-fig5.jpeg\" alt=\"connecting-fig-5\" class=\"wp-image-4183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/connecting-fig5.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/connecting-fig5-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/connecting-fig5-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/connecting-fig5-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/connecting-fig5-360x203.jpeg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-5 : \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2018\u091c\u093e\u0926\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u2019 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0930\u0964<\/strong> \u0928\u094b\u091f : \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u200d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0927\u0941\u0901\u0927\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e <a href=\"https:\/\/iwonder.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in\/hi\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/a> &#8216;\u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&#8217; \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 Credits: Aditya Prakash. License: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u092e\u094b\u0939 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u095b\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u095b\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u095b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0917\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0932\u0947\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (NCF-SE 2023) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938-1 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1563,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[],"magazine_category":[67],"class_list":["post-1568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-48","magazine_category--12--2025"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u092e\u0947\u0932 - \u0906\u0908 \u0935\u0902\u0921\u0930\u2026<\/title>\n<meta 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